High-performance GaInP/AlGaInP multi-quantum well light-emitting diodes (LEDs) grown on a low threading dislocation density (TDD) germanium-on-insulator (GOI) substrate have been demonstrated. The low TDD of the GOI substrate is realized through Ge epitaxial growth, wafer bonding, and layer transfer processes on 200 mm wafers. With O2 annealing, the TDD of the GOI substrate can be reduced to ～1.2×106 cm 2. LEDs fabricated on this GOI substrate exhibit record-high optical output power of 1.3 mW at a 670 nm peak wavelength under 280 mA current injection. This output power level is at least 2 times higher compared to other reports of similar devices on a silicon (Si) substrate without degrading the electrical performance. These results demonstrate great promise for the monolithic integration of visible-band optical sources with Si-based electronic circuitry and realization of high-density RGB (red, green, and blue) micro-LED arrays with control circuitry.